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ENLACES INTERNOS
Editoriales universitarias
Institutos de estudios locales/nacionales
Editoras y
revistas destacadas:
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The International Journal of Developmental Biology Nº 61
| Nombre de la Revista: |
The International Journal of Developmental Biology |
| Número de Sumario: |
61 |
| Fecha de Publicación: |
2017/1-2 |
| Páginas: |
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Sumario:
PÁGINA EN CONSTRUCCIÓN
In Memoriam
Int. J. Dev. Biol. 61: 1 - 3 (2017)
doi: 10.1387/ijdb.160422mm
© UPV/EHU Press
In Memoriam - Prof. Andrzej Krzysztof Tarkowski (1933-2016)
Ewa Borsuk, Małgorzata Waksmundzka, Katarzyna Szczepańska, Anna Ajduk, Marek Maleszewski, Aneta Suwińska, Monika Humięcka, Katarzyna Bożyk, Marcin Szpila, Renata Czołowska, Teresa Rogulska, Wacław Ożdżeński, Jacek A. Modliński, Jacek Z. Kubiak and Maria A. Ciemerych
Warsaw, Poland
ABSTRACT Professor Andrzej Krzysztof Tarkowski passed away last September (2016) at the age of 83. His findings, have become indispensable tools for immunological, genetic, and oncological studies, as well as for generating transgenic animals which are instrumental for studying gene function in living animals. His work and discoveries provided a tremendous input to the contemporary developmental biology of mammals.
Keywords: Mammalian development, Andrzej Krzysztof Tarkowski
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Reviews
Int. J. Dev. Biol. 61: 5 - 15 (2017)
doi: 10.1387/ijdb.160408gv
© UPV/EHU Press
Trunk neural crest cells: formation, migration and beyond
Guillermo A. Vega-lopez#,1, Santiago Cerrizuela#,1 and Manuel J. Aybar*,1,2,
1Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT) and 2Instituto de Biologia “Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina
ABSTRACT Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a multipotent, migratory cell population that generates an astonishingly diverse array of cell types during vertebrate development. The trunk neural crest has long been considered of particular significance. First, it has been held that the trunk neural crest has a morphogenetic role, acting to coordinate the development of the peripheral nervous system, secretory cells of the endocrine system and pigment cells of the skin. Second, the trunk neural crest additionally has skeletal potential. However, it has been demonstrated that a key role of the trunk neural crest streams is to organize the innervation of the intestine. Although trunk NCCs have a limited capacity for self-renewal, sometimes they become neural-crest-derived tumor cells and reveal the fact that that NCCs and tumor cells share the same molecular machinery. In this review we describe the routes taken by trunk NCCs and consider the signals and cues that pattern these trajectories. We also discuss recent advances in the characterization of the properties of trunk NCCs for various model organisms in order to highlight common themes. Finally, looking to the future, we discuss the need to translate the wealth of data from animal studies to the clinical area in order to develop treatments for neural crest-related human diseases.
Keywords: trunk neural crest, migration, neurogenesis, enteric nervous system, neurocristopathies
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Int. J. Dev. Biol. 61: 17 - 27 (2017)
doi: 10.1387/ijdb.160370mm
© UPV/EHU Press
Models of amphibian myogenesis - the case of Bombina variegata
Leokadia Kiełbówna and Marta Migocka-Patrzałek*
Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
ABSTRACT Several different models of myogenesis describing early stages of amphibian paraxial myotomal myogenesis are known. Myoblasts of Xenopus laevis and Hymenochirus boettgeri change their position from perpendicular to parallel, in relation to axial organs, and differentiate into mononucleate myotubes. In Bombina variegate the myotomal myoblasts change their shape from round to elongate and then differentiate into mononuclear, morphologically mature myotubes. In Pelobates fuscus and Triturus vulgaris, myoblasts fuse into multinuclear myotubes. Mono- and multinucleate myotubes achieve morphological maturity during the differentiation process. During myogenesis of B. variegata, the nuclei of mononucleate, differentiating myotubes contain a tetraploid quantity of DNA (4C DNA). The stable quantity of DNA is confirmed by lack of 3H-thimidine incorporation into myotube nuclei. This outcome is a proof that myoblasts withdraw from the cell cycle in the G2 phase. The further development of myotomal myotubes involves myoblasts of mesenchymal origin. These myoblasts fuse with myotubes in X. laevis and B. variegate in the G1 phase. Secondary muscle fibres in amphibian myotomes have only mesenchymal origin. Mesenchymal myoblasts fuse into multinucleated myotubes. Myofibril development in the differentiating myotube and lack of DNA replication confirm the classical paradigm of myogenesis. Mesenchymal myoblasts are taking part in the myogenesis of musculus rectus abdominis and limb muscles. The mesenchymal cells in the myogenesis process show one model of myogenesis, which is a classical model of myogenesis. The mesenchymal cells probably come from dermatome.
Keywords: myogenesis, myoblast, myotomal myogenesis
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Original Articles
nt. J. Dev. Biol. 61: 29 - 34 (2017)
doi: 10.1387/ijdb.160308od
© UPV/EHU Press
Functional differences between Tcf1 isoforms in early Xenopus development
Giulietta Roël, Olaf Van Den Broek and Olivier Destrée*
Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
ABSTRACT In Xenopus gastrula stage embryos, four isoforms of Tcf1 (B, C, D and E) are present with high amino acid sequence conservation compared to fish, mice and human. We studied possible functional differences between these Tcf1 isoforms during early Xenopus development. After overexpression of single Tcf1 isoforms, two distinct phenotypes were observed. Overexpression of the B or D isoforms of Tcf1, which both lack a C-clamp, enhances early canonical Wnt signaling and induces ectopic dorsal mesoderm at the expense of ventrolateral mesoderm prior to gastrulation, causing severe antero-dorzalization of embryos. Overexpression of the E-isoform, which contains a complete C-clamp, does not induce ectopic dorsal mesoderm, but rather leads to severe caudal truncation. Overexpression of the C-isoform, which contains a partial C-clamp, induces a similar phenotype. Mutation of a single amino acid in the C-clamp, known to produce a hypomorphic mutant in D. melanogaster, led to a gain of function in inducing ectopic organizer tissue, as observed after overexpression of the B or D isoforms of Tcf1. Depletion of the C-clamp exon from the zygotic mRNA pool, by injection of a morpholino oligo that targets the splice acceptor site of the exon containing the C-clamp, caused a severe shortening of the AP-axis. Furthermore, embryos showed poor development of the CNS, paraxial mesoderm and primary blood vessels. In situ hybridization analysis showed that Lef1 expression was downregulated at the mid-hindbrain boundary, in the otic vesicles and the branchial arches. The results indicate that in post-gastrula stage Xenopus embryos, the E-tail of Tcf1 is required for expression of Lef1 and for blood vessel formation.
Keywords: Tcf1, isoforms, Wnt, Lef1, angiogenesis, embryo, Xenopus
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Int. J. Dev. Biol. 61: 35 - 42 (2017)
doi: 10.1387/ijdb.160160yy
© UPV/EHU Press
YelA, a putative Dictyostelium translational regulator, acts as antagonist of DIF-1 signaling to control cell-type proportioning
Yoko Yamada*, Chris Sugden and Jeffrey G. Williams
School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
ABSTRACT DIF-1 (differentiation-inducing factor1) is a polyketide produced by Dictyostelium prespore cells which induces initially uncommitted cells to differentiate as prestalk cells. Exposure of cells to DIF-1 causes transitory hypo-phosphorylation of seven serine residues in YelA, a protein with a region of strong homology to the MIF4G domain of the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4G. Based upon its domain architecture, which in one important aspect closely resembles that of Death-Associated Protein 5 (DAP5), we predict a role in stimulating internal ribosome entry-driven mRNA translation. The two paradigmatic DIF-1 inducible genes are ecmA (extracellular matrixA) and ecmB. In support of a YelA function in DIF-1 signaling, a YelA null strain showed greatly increased expression of ecmA and ecmB in response to DIF-1. Also, during normal development in the null strain, expression of the two genes is accelerated. This is particularly evident for ecmB, a marker of stalk tube and supporting structure differentiation. Mutants in DIF-1 bio-synthesis or signaling display a rudimentary or no basal disc and, conversely, YelA null mutants produce fruiting bodies with a highly enlarged basal disc that ectopically expresses a stalk tube-specific marker. Thus YelA acts as an antagonist of DIF-1 signaling, with a consequent effect on cell type proportioning and it is predicted to act as a translational regulator.
Keywords: Dictyostelium, DIF-1, MIF4G domain, translational regulation, DAP5
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nt. J. Dev. Biol. 61: 43 - 52 (2017)
doi: 10.1387/ijdb.160169rb
© UPV/EHU Press
The natural compound sanguinarine perturbs the regenerative capabilities of planarians
Linda Balestrini1,#, Alessia Di Donfrancesco1,#, Leonardo Rossi2, Silvia Marracci1, Maria E. Isolani3, Anna M. Bianucci4 and Renata Batistoni*,1,5
1Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, 2Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, 3Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy, 4Istituto Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, Florence and 5Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health" University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
ABSTRACT The natural alkaloid sanguinarine has remarkable therapeutic properties and has been used for centuries as a folk remedy. This compound exhibits interesting anticancer properties and is currently receiving attention as a potential chemotherapeutic agent. Nevertheless, limited information exists regarding its safety for developing organisms. Planarians are an animal model known for their extraordinary stem cell-based regenerative capabilities and are increasingly used for toxicological and pharmacological studies. Here, we report that sanguinarine, at micromolar concentrations, perturbs the regeneration process in the planarian Dugesia japonica. We show that sanguinarine exposure causes defects during anterior regeneration and visual system recovery, as well as anomalous remodelling of pre-existing structures. Investigating the effects of sanguinarine on stem cells, we found that sanguinarine perturbs the transcriptional profile of early and late stem cell progeny markers. Our results indicate that sanguinarine exposure alters cell dynamics and induces apoptosis without affecting cell proliferation. Finally, sanguinarine exposure influences the expression level of H+, K+-ATPase α subunit, a gene of the P-type-ATPase pump family which plays a crucial role during anterior regeneration in planaria. On the whole, our data reveal that sanguinarine perturbs multiple mechanisms which regulate regeneration dynamics and contribute to a better understanding of the safety profile of this alkaloid in developing organisms.
Keywords: regeneration, planarian, gene expression, sanguinarine, developmental toxicology
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nt. J. Dev. Biol. 61: 53 - 63 (2017)
doi: 10.1387/ijdb.160321es
© UPV/EHU Press
The pioneer factor Smed-gata456-1 is required for gut cell differentiation and maintenance in planarians
Alejandro González-Sastre, Nídia De Sousa, Teresa Adell and Emili Saló*
Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística,Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
ABSTRACT How adult stem cells differentiate into different cell types remains one of the most intriguing questions in regenerative medicine. Pioneer factors are transcription factors that can bind to and open chromatin, and are among the first elements involved in cell differentiation. We used the freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea as a model system to study the role of the gata456 family of pioneer factors in gut cell differentiation during both regeneration and maintenance of the digestive system. Our findings reveal the presence of two members of the gata456 family in the Schmidtea mediterranea genome; Smed-gata456-1 and Smed-gata456-2. Our results show that Smed-gata456-1 is the only ortholog with a gut cell-related function. Smed-gata456-1 is essential for the differentiation of precursors into intestinal cells and for the survival of these differentiated cells, indicating a key role in gut regeneration and maintenance. Furthermore, tissues other than the gut appear normal following Smed-gata456-1 RNA interference (RNAi), indicating a gut-specific function. Importantly, different neoblast subtypes are unaffected by Smed-gata456-1(RNAi), suggesting that 1) Smed-gata456-1 is involved in the differentiation and maintenance, but not in the early determination, of gut cells; and 2) that the stem cell compartment is not dependent on a functional gut.
Keywords: gut, gata456, planarian, regeneration, differentiation
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Int. J. Dev. Biol. 61: 65 - 72 (2017)
doi: 10.1387/ijdb.160207dz
© UPV/EHU Press
mTORC1 and mTORC2 play different roles in regulating cardiomyocyte differentiation from embryonic stem cells
Bei Zheng#,1,2, Jiadan Wang#,1, Leilei Tang1, Jiana Shi3, and Danyan Zhu*,1
1Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University, 2Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province and 3Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
ABSTRACT Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase and functions through two distinct complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and complex 2 (mTORC2), with their key components Raptor and Rictor, to play crucial roles in cellular survival and growth. However, the roles of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in regulating cardiomyocyte differentiation from mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells are not clear. In this study, we performed Raptor or Rictor knockdown experiments to investigate the roles of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in cardiomyocyte differentiation. Ablation of Raptor markedly increased the number of cardiomyocytes derived from mES cells with well-organized myofilaments. Expression levels of brachyury (mesoderm protein), Nkx2.5 (cardiac progenitor cell protein), and α-Actinin (cardiomyocyte marker) were increased in Raptor knockdown cells. In contrast, loss of Rictor prevented cardiomyocyte differentiation. The dual ablation of Raptor and Rictor also decreased the number of cardiomyocytes. The two complexes exerted a regulatory mechanism in such a manner that knockdown of Raptor/mTORC1 resulted in a decreased phosphorylation of Rictor (Thr1135), which subsequently activated Rictor/mTORC2 in the differentiation of mES cells into cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, mTORC1 and mTORC2 played different roles in cardiomyocyte differentiation from mES cells in vitro. The activation of Rictor/mTORC2 was critical for facilitating cardiomyocyte differentiation from mES cells. Thus, this complex may be a promising target for regulating myocardial differentiation from embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells.
Keywords: cardiomyocyte differentiation, mouse embryonic stem cell, Raptor/mTORC1, Rictor/mTORC2
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Int. J. Dev. Biol. 61: 73 - 80 (2017)
doi: 10.1387/ijdb.160165jh
© UPV/EHU Press
The short gastrulation shadow enhancer employs dual modes of transcriptional synergy
Dong-Hyeon Shin and Joung-Woo Hong*
Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
ABSTRACT It remains unclear how a limited amount of maternal transcription factor Dorsal (Dl) directs broad expression of short gastrulation (sog) throughout the presumptive neurogenic ectoderm in the Drosophila early embryo. Here, we present evidence that the sog shadow enhancer employs dual modes of transcriptional synergy to produce this broad pattern. Bioinformatics analyses indicated that a minimal enhancer region, systematically mapped in vivo, contains five Dl-, three Zelda (Zld)-, and three Bicoid (Bcd)-binding sites; four of these five Dl-binding sites are closed linked to two Zld- and two Bcd-binding sites. Mutations of either the linked Zld- or Bcd-binding sites led to severe reduction in lacZ expression width, length, and/or strength in transgenic embryos. In addition, alteration of the helical phasing in this enhancer region by insertion of spacer sequences between linked sites also resulted in aberrant lacZ expression. These results suggest that synergistic interactions between Dl and Zld and between DI and Bcd are required for broad sog expression.
Keywords: enhancer, short gastrulation, transcriptional synergy, zelda, bicoid
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nt. J. Dev. Biol. 61: 81 - 88 (2017)
doi: 10.1387/ijdb.160006sb
© UPV/EHU Press
Valproic acid assisted reprogramming of fibroblasts for generation of pluripotent stem cells in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Puspendra S. Mahapatra, Renu Singh, Kuldeep Kumar, Nihar R. Sahoo, Pranjali Agarwal, Bhabesh Mili, Kinsuk Das, Mihir Sarkar, Subrat K. Bhanja, Bikash C. Das, Sujoy K. Dhara and Sadhan Bag*
Division of Physiology & Climatology. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
ABSTRACT Generation of pluripotent stem cells by reprogramming somatic cells of quality animals has numerous potential applications in agricultural and biomedical sciences. Unfortunately, till now, reprogramming of buffalo fetal fibroblast cells (bFFs) has been very ineffient despite intensive efforts. Here, we attempted to enhance reprogramming efficiency by using the HDAC inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) in bFFs transfected with pLentG-KOSM pseudo virus carrying mouse specific pluripotent genes. FACS analysis revealed that VPA treatment significantly increased (p < 0.05) GFP+ cells in comparison to VPA untreated control. Further, among different concentrations, 1.5 mM VPA was found to be optimal, increasing about 5 fold GFP+ cells and 2.5-fold GFP+ colonies with significantly (P < 0.05) larger size as compared to control. These colonies were further propagated and characterised. The colonies displayed embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like morphology, normal karyotype, and were positive for alkaline phosphatase staining as well as immune-positive for the ESC specific markers Oct4, Nanog, SSEA1, TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81. The primary colonies revealed significantly higher (P < 0.05) expression of pluripotent genes than control, which declined gradually on subsequent passages. The reprogrammed cells readily formed embryoid bodies in vitro and cells of all three germ layers. These results indicated that VPA treatment of viral transducted cells can improve the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells and help their long term maintenance in buffalo.
Keywords: valproic acid, buffalo fetal fibroblast, reprogramming, mouse defined factor
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Short Contribution
nt. J. Dev. Biol. 61: 89 - 93 (2017)
doi: 10.1387/ijdb.160416cd
© UPV/EHU Press
Changes in the expression of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors during differentiation of immortalized fibroblasts into adipocytes
Ibon Alonso1, Antonio Baroja1, Blanca Fernández1, Raquel Vielba2, Jon Elorriaga2, Jairo Pérez-Sanz2, Juan Aréchaga2, Juan J. Goiriena de Gandarias1 and Carmen de la Hoz*,2
Departments of 1Physiology and 2Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
ABSTRACT The mechanisms implicated in the differentiation of fibroblastic precursors into adipocytes can be analyzed in vitro using cell models, such as the 3T3-L1 cell line. Since cell differentiation involves an exit from the cell cycle, it is likely that molecules that inhibit proliferation participate in the control of adipogenesis. This study was aimed at determining the role, if any, of several cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-inhibitors and the transcription factor C/EBPα in the process of adipocyte differentitation. We analyzed by Western blot the expression of distinct cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-inhibitors and C/EBPα during various stages of differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells to adipocytes. We observed specific changes in the expression of CDK inhibitors and C/EBPα, during the various phases of adipogenesis. Levels of p15INK4B were maximal in confluent cells prior to the induction of differentiation and minimal in differentiated cells. Maximal levels of p16INK4A were detected following 48 h of differentiation treatment. Highest levels of p18INK4C were measured during the phase of cell confluence prior to treatment and in differentiated cells. p21CIP1 was expressed during the exponential growth phase, during exit from clonal expansion, and in differentiated cells, while p27KIP1 was found above all in confluent and differentiated cells. The present results support the participation of CDK-inhibitors in the process of in vitro adipogenesis. Specifically, the proteins p18INK4C, p21CIP1 and p27KIP1 seem to play an outstanding role in the maintenance of the differentiated state of adipocytes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in adipocyte differentiation will presumably facilitate the design of new drugs aimed at novel therapeutic targets.
Keywords: adipocyte, cell culture, CDK inhibitors, p18INK4C, p21CIP1, p27KIP1, C/EBP alpha
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Developmental Expression Pattern
nt. J. Dev. Biol. 61: 95 - 104 (2017)
doi: 10.1387/ijdb.160038ss
© UPV/EHU Press
Dictyostelium discoideum Sir2D modulates cell-type specific gene expression and is involved in autophagy
Rakhee Lohia#,1,2, Punita Jain#,1,3, Mukul Jain1, Pradeep Kumar Burma2, Anju Shrivastava3 and Shweta Saran*,1
1School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 2Department of Genetics, University of Delhi, South Campus and 3Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
ABSTRACT Sirtuins (SIRTs) belong to class III histone deacetylases and require NAD+ for their activity. Their activity is associated with the nutritional status of the cell and they directly link cellular metabolic signalling to the state of protein post-translational modifications. Sirtuins play an important role in healthy aging, longevity and age-related diseases, as well as in cell survival mechanisms, such as autophagy. Here, we investigate the functions of Dictyostelium discoideum Sir2D which shows similarity to human SIRT1. This gene is expressed throughout growth and development. Overexpression of sir2D promotes cell proliferation and the corresponding fusion protein shows nuclear localization. To facilitate the study of the function of Sir2D, we created a sir2D knockout by gene disruption. This mutant exhibits inhibited cell proliferation and developmental defects, including smaller aggregates and multi-tipped structures. When developed as chimeras with wild-type cells, the sir2D- cells show a reduced ability to form spores. Prespore and prestalk differentiation was also impaired in the mutant strain. Sir2D regulates the expression of several autophagic genes (Atgs) and the sir2D deficient strain shows reduced autophagic flux. In conclusion, Sir2D plays a role in cell differentiation, modulates the expression of both prespore and prestalk genes and participates in the process of autophagy.
Keywords: Dictyostelium, Sir2D, development, cAMP, autophagy
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Technical Article
Int. J. Dev. Biol. 61: 105 - 111 (2017)
doi: 10.1387/ijdb.160209yg
© UPV/EHU Press
Rapid quantification of neutral lipids and triglycerides during zebrafish embryogenesis
Prusothman Yoganantharjah1, Avinesh R. Byreddy2, Daniel Fraher1, Munish Puri2 and Yann Gibert*,1
1Metabolic Genetic Diseases Laboratory, Metabolic Research Unit, Deakin School of Medicine, and 2Bioprocessing Laboratory, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
ABSTRACT The zebrafish is a useful vertebrate model to study lipid metabolism. Oil Red-O (ORO) staining of zebrafish embryos, though sufficient for visualizing the localization of triglycerides, was previously inadequate to quantify neutral lipid abundance. For metabolic studies, it is crucial to be able to quantify lipids during embryogenesis. Currently no cost effective, rapid and reliable method exists to quantify the deposition of neutral lipids and triglycerides. Thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography and mass spectrometry can be used to accurately measure lipid levels, but are time consuming and costly in their use. Hence, we developed a rapid and reliable method to quantify neutral lipids and triglycerides. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to Rimonabant (Rimo) or WIN 55,212-2 mesylate (WIN), compounds previously shown to modify lipid content during zebrafish embryogenesis. Following this, ORO stain was extracted out of both the zebrafish body and yolk sac and optical density was measured to give an indication of neutral lipid and triglyceride accumulation. Embryos treated with 0.3 µM WIN resulted in increased lipid accumulation, whereas 3 µM Rimo caused a decrease in lipid accumulation during embryogenesis. TLC was performed on zebrafish bodies to validate the developed method. In addition, BODIPY free fatty acids were injected into zebrafish embryos to confirm quantification of changes in lipid content in the embryo. Previously, ORO was limited to qualitative assessment; now ORO can be used as a quantitative tool to directly determine changes in the levels of neutral lipids and triglycerides.
Keywords: Oil-Red O, embryonic development, lipidogenesis, neutral lipid, triglyceride
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Book Review
nt. J. Dev. Biol. 61: 113 - 114 (2017)
doi: 10.1387/ijdb.170046ba
© UPV/EHU Press
The long road to theoretical synthesis. A review of Embryogenesis Explained written by Natalie K. Gordon and Richard Gordon
Bradly Alicea
Orthogonal Research, Champaign, IL, USA and OpenWorm Foundation
ABSTRACT Review of: Embryogenesis Explained written by Natalie K. Gordon and Richard Gordon
Keywords: Embryogenesis, development
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